EU Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU Law - Coursework Example Enforcement concerning a state’s legal responsibility for the infringement of rights which are imposed upon the individual member of the states comprises the aspects such as employment and industrial relation which are controlled by the ECJ of the Member States. Most of the EU regulations which specify certain directives concerning the areas of employment as well as industrial relation are implemented with the assistance of policies of direct effect of directives. The direct effect of directives affirms that the states as well as ‘emanation of the state’ are accountable even if legal responsibilities regarding non-execution of the EU directives reclines with the other parties of the state. The effect of directives is limited by the persistence of ECJ on the basis of the implications of vertical legal responsibilities of the states which are referred as vertical direct effect. Contextually, horizontal direct effect is regarded as a doctrine whereby individual membe rs can depend on obtaining direct effect in relation to provisions within the treaties1. Explanation of Direct and Indirect Effect of EU Law and State Liability Direct effect is considered as a guideline of EU law where it emphasizes on those factors of EU law which are directly enforceable by union community members within their own Member States. Moreover, direct effect can be implemented by concerning upon directives, regulations, treaty provisions and its decisions. The notion of ‘direct effect’ was first utilized by the ECJ when it attributed to particular Treaty articles the legal value of direct effect in the case of NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen case no.26/62 [1963]. In this case, ECJ recognized three circumstances which are essential to establish direct effect within the EU law. Three circumstances are as follows: The provision should maintain enough clarity and should be accurately s tated This provision should be restricted and not related with any other legal stipulation It should bestow an appropriate right by which a citizen can make a claim If these aforementioned conditions are fulfil then the stipulation of the treaties can provide similar legal effects as regulations mentioned in the Article 288 ‘Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TEFU)’2. The policy of indirect effect needs the decision of national court where parties of the Member States are responsible for the fulfilment of EU obligations. Contextually, this policy enforces indirectly by the mechanism of judicial interpretation of domestic law. Moreover, indirect effect can be viewed as an addition regulation of EU law as well as a consequence of the policy of direct effect. On the basis of the implication of the specification of directives which creates direct effect wherein national court should ignore the domestic laws in order to minimize the conflict between the directi ves as well as domestic law3. The indirect effect has been observed to take place in the case of Plaumann & Co v Commission, Case 25/62, 15 July 19634. The ECJ

Action Research - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action Research - - Assignment Example I have gained confidence while in class. I find duty delegation to be one of my strongholds in managing students. I have constantly built on this vice without considering the credibility of my objectives. However, some of my classes have been affected by late arrival of students, murmuring among students and absenteeism. In my career as a teacher, I am perplexed by fact that teachers are expected to effectively manage classroom arrangement which is independent of good student behavior but due to poor planning. Classroom arrangement requires that the teacher observe all the students at ago and monitor their behavior and work. It also demands that teacher must see the door while in his or her desk. Furthermore, teachers should make sure that frequently used areas are easily accessible and unobstructed. In addition, common classroom materials such as student reference materials and attendance pads should be availed. As if to make it worse, the students should be able to see the teacher without movement and undue turning. Furthermore, setting the expectation of students and periodically talking to them is very difficult. In addition, monitoring the degree by which students comply with school rules and regulations is one of the irritating outcomes as a teacher. The use of teacher led instructions and explaining school wide regulations is a source of irritation. What can I do about it? Again and again I get angry about the fact that students are held accountable for their performance and work. In addition, I get angry by the fact that focus of students is centered on academic purpose while learning is considered as the core purpose of students’ effort. As a teacher, if there is disruptive behavior like fighting, possession of drugs continuous lesson interruption stealing in my class and later actions taken in accordance to the school rules and